| 1 Gum coat layer wrinkling - Gum coat formation in contact with the mold |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）The adhesive layer is too thin | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 2）If the adhesive layer is not fully cured, make a backing layer | Wait until the fingers are not sticky before proceeding to the next step |
| 3）Insufficient dosage of curing agent | Increase the dosage of curing agent |
| 4）Operating environment humidity too high | Maintain operating environment humidity of 40-60RH |
| 5）Low operating environment temperature | Increase operating temperature |
| 2 Cracks appear on the surface of the gel coat layer |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Insufficient flexibility of gel coat | Choose flexible gel coat |
| 2）The gel coat layer is too thick | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 3）Excessive amount of curing agent | Add curing agent according to the manufacturer's instructions |
| 4）Uneven thickness of gel coat layer | Ensure uniform thickness of the gel coat layer |
| 5）Gel coat diluted with solvent | Do not add solvents, adjust the viscosity according to the manufacturer's instructions |
| 6）Excessive force during demolding | Do not use heavy objects to strike when removing the film |
| 7）Undercuring of structural layer | After the structural layer is fully cured, demolding can be carried out |
| 8）Insufficient reinforcement of structural layers | Necessary parts of reinforced structural layer |
| 9）Cracks on the surface of the mold | Clean or replace the mold |
| 3 Pinholes - tiny air holes formed on the surface of the gel coat |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）The gel coat layer is too thick | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 2）Spray flow rate too high | Adjusting spray flow rate |
| 3）Poor atomization of gel coat | Adjust the spraying pressure to ensure good atomization |
| 4）Gel coat sprayed too thick at once | Generally, it is necessary to evenly spray 3-4 times to achieve the required thickness |
| 5）Gel coat gel is too fast to defoaming | Adjusting the dosage of curing agent |
| 6）Improper operating environment temperature and humidity | Adjusting the operating environment temperature and humidity |
| 7）Improper selection of release agent | Do not use silicone release agents, use designated release agents |
| 8）Contaminants present | Clean the mold and related spraying equipment and pipelines |
| 9）Improper distance between the spray gun nozzle and the mold | Keep the spray gun nozzle 45-75cm away from the mold |
| 10）Poor quality of accelerator and curing agent | Promoter using styrene as solvent and curing agent with low water content |
| 4 Fish Eye - Small pores formed on the surface of the gel coat (usually circular in shape) |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Spraying equipment and pipelines are not clean | Check relevant equipment and pipelines |
| 2）Improper selection of release agent | Do not use silicone release agents, use designated release agents |
| 3）Wax or dirt on the mold | Clean the mold again |
| 4）The adhesive layer is too thin | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 5）Gel coat viscosity and thixotropic index are too low | Check the indicators of the gel coat and do not add solvents |
| 5 Demolding - the gel layer detaches from the mold in advance |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Insufficient toughness of gel coat | Choose resilient gel coat |
| 2）The gel coat layer is too thick and uneven | Ensure that the adhesive layer is of the recommended thickness and uniform |
| 3）Large shrinkage of gel coat | Do not dilute with solvents |
| 4）Improper selection of release agent | Do not use silicone release agents, use designated release agents |
| 5）Gel coat contamination | Ensure cleanliness of equipment and pipelines |
| 6）Inhibition of styrene leads to uneven curing | Strengthen ventilation to avoid styrene on the mold |
| 7）Excessive curing agent and excessive heat release of the gel coat | Adjusting the dosage of curing agent |
| 8）The wax on the mold was not treated thoroughly | Thoroughly handle the mold |
| 9）The gel time is too short or the ambient temperature is too high | Adjust appropriately |
| 6 Hanging - Gel coat flows in a vertical plane |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）The gel coat layer is too thick | Check the thickness of the adhesive layer and adjust it |
| 2）Gel coat viscosity and thixotropic index are too low | Check the indicators of the gel coat and do not add solvents |
| 3）Improper selection of release agent | Do not use silicone release agents, use designated release agents |
| 4）The spray gun pressure is too high to impact the adhesive layer | Adjusting the pressure of the spray gun |
| 5）The spray gun nozzle is too close to the mold | Keep the spray gun nozzle 45-75cm away from the mold |
| 6）Gel coat construction too fast | Uniformly construct three times to achieve thickness |
| 7）Incorrect nozzle diameter | If the caliber is too small, it can easily cause significant shear force on the gel coat, reducing its viscosity. Therefore, the caliber should be increased |
| 7 Poor gloss - on the surface of the product |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Insufficient curing of gel coat | Adjusting the dosage of curing agent |
| 2）Operating environment with high humidity and low temperature | Adjusting the operating environment temperature and humidity |
| 3）Gel coat and resin contaminated | Check relevant equipment and pipelines |
| 4）Poor wettability of glass fiber | Choose glass fiber with good wettability |
| 5）Low solid content of gel coat | Contact suppliers |
| 6）Demolding | Refer to 'demolding' |
| 7）When demolding, the adhesive layer has not yet fully solidified | Ensure sufficient curing of the gel coat during demolding |
| 8）Poor surface of the mold | Clean the mold again |
| 8 Mucosa - adhesive coating adheres to the mold and separates from the structural layer |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Uneven waxing | Carefully and evenly waxing |
| 2）The wax model used is incorrect | Using supplier recommended models |
| 3）Mold contaminated | Clean the mold and repax it |
| 4）The mold has been left for too long after wax removal | After removing wax, glue coat should be applied in a timely manner |
| 5）Excessive curing of gel coat | The gel coat should be made into a structural layer within 8 hours |
| 6）The glass fiber in contact with the gel coat is not soaked | When making structural layers, the resin should be fully immersed in the reinforcing material |
| 7）Glass fiber contaminated | Check fiberglass |
| 8）Gel coat containing wax | Correct selection of gel coat model |
| 9 Ripples - on the surface of the gel coat |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）The adhesive layer is too thin | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 2）Make a structural layer before the adhesive layer has solidified | Wait for the adhesive layer to solidify before proceeding to the next step of operation |
| 3）Wet fiberglass | Glass fiber should be stored dry |
| 4）Improper use of reinforcing materials | The first layer of the structural layer should be coated with surface felt. |
| 5）Start demolding before fully curing | Extend curing time |
| 6）The heat release from the structural layer is too concentrated | Layered construction or use of low heat release structural resin |
| 7）Uneven dispersion of curing agent | Ensure that the gel coat and curing agent are thoroughly mixed and atomized |
| 10 Uneven color - product surface |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Gel coat contaminated | Check brushes, rollers, spray guns, and other equipment and clean them |
| 2）Gel coat flowing | Refer to the content of "hanging" |
| 3）Uneven dispersion of curing agent | Calibrate injection or mixing equipment |
| 4）Excessive curing dose | Adjusting the dosage of curing agent |
| 5）Insufficient or incompatible color paste | Consultation with suppliers |
| 6）Gel coat is too thick or uneven in thickness | Construct at the recommended thickness and as evenly as possible |
| 7）Separation of gel coat and color paste | Please refer to 'Phase Separation' |
| 8）Poor quality of color paste production | Using high-quality color paste |
| 9）Poor atomization of gel coat | Adjusting atomization pressure |
| 11 Deformation - Gel Coat Layer |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Demolding too early | The product should have sufficient curing time |
| 2）The resin selection for the reinforcement layer is incorrect | Resins with low heat release and shrinkage should be used |
| 3）Reinforcement layer resin curing too fast | Adjusting the resin curing speed of the reinforcement layer |
| 4）Local overheating of the strength layer | Control the heating uniformity and thickness of the strength layer, as well as the ratio of resin to glass fiber |
| 5）Improper use of reinforcing materials | The first layer of the structural layer is applied with surface felt |
| 6）Improper mold design | Mold design should pay attention to stress concentration |
| 7）The adhesive layer is too thin | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 12 Blistering - Gel Coat Layer |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Improper use of curing agent | Check the dosage of curing agent and select high-quality curing agent with low water content |
| 2）Improper selection of accelerator | Choose styrene as a high-quality promoter for the solvent. |
| 3）Uneven mixing of curing agent | Ensure that the curing agent is evenly mixed with the gel coat |
| 4）There is a closed gas between the gel coat layer and the strength layer | When making structural layers, all bubbles should be expelled |
| 5）Wet fiberglass | Preservation of glass fibers under dry conditions |
| 6）Damping of fillers in the strength layer | When using fillers, they should be kept dry |
| 7）Gel coat and resin contaminated | Inspect pipelines and equipment |
| 8）Poor wettability of glass fiber | Re select fiberglass |
| 9）Gel coat and resin do not meet the environmental requirements for use | Re select materials |
| 10）Undercuring of gel coat or structural layer | Check the curing system and operation status |
| 13 Orange Peel - Back of Gel Coat Layer |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）The viscosity of hand glue coat is too low | Adjusting viscosity |
| 2）The spray gun is too close to the mold or the spray angle is incorrect | Adjust the angle and distance from the mold (45-75cm) |
| 3）Poor atomization | Adjust the atomization pressure or replace the nozzle |
| 4）The adhesive layer is too thin | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 14 Poor leveling |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Gel coat viscosity and thixotropy are too high | Adjusting the viscosity and thixotropy of gel coat |
| 2）The adhesive layer is too thin | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 3）The flow rate of gel coat is too high | Adjusting the flow rate of gel coat |
| 4）The spray gun is too close to the mold | Maintain spray distance between 45-75cm |
| 5）Low temperature of gel coat | Keep the temperature of the gel coat at 20-30 ℃ |
| 15 Phase separation - separation of pigments and resins (usually on an inclined plane) |
| Reason | Solution |
| 1）Gel coat or compressed air containing water | The construction environment should be dehumidified to ensure the dryness of the mold surface and compressed air |
| 2）Curing agent mixing is not local | Check the spraying equipment |
| 3）The curing agent does not match the gel coat (incompatible) | Replace the curing agent |
| 4）Curing time too long | Adjusting the curing time |
| 5）The gel coat layer is too thick | Keep the thickness of the gel coat layer between 0.4 and 0.6mm |
| 6）Sagging | Refer to the content of "hanging" |
| 7）Gel coat viscosity and thixotropy are too low | Check the viscosity of the gel coat |
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